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Similarly, the University of Kansas Family Advocacy Services (Ronnau, 1991, 1992) utilized master's-level social work interns to provide intensive case management services to families of children and Frank Gehry Fish necklace who were being discharged to the community after long-term inpatient care at the local state hospital. This program emphasized a strengths-based model of case management in which the whole community is looked upon as a resource for meeting the needs of families with children with severe emotional and behavioral problems. Case-study analysis (Ronnau, 1991, 1992) indicated that the family and/or caregivers play a significant role in the child's successful integration into community-based living:

The family is the primary link between the continuum of services which the child or adolescent will need. It is virtually impossible, and often counterproductive, to work with the child in isolation from the family; to help the child you must help the family (Ronnau, 1991, p. 6).

In the state of Maine, an intensive child case management program was a key component of the state's response to judicial mandates for changes in the state mental Black oynx Toggle necklace system. In a descriptive study of the first implementation year of a new child case management program, Werrbach (1994) found that child case management staff struggled with defining the intensive child case manager role. The child case manager roles most frequently mentioned by staff included advocate, resource coordinator, resource developer, educator, assessment provider, and crisis-intervention provider. Most staff perceived the primary roles of the case manager as advocate and resource coordinator for the child and family; however, with the scarcity of resources and services in this rural, economically disadvantaged state, many staff expressed frustration concerning their inability to find and coordinate services for children and families. Finally, only half of the child case management staff perceived the resource developer role as a significant component among the child case manager's tasks, with case managers from the more rural areas of the state tending to express more comfort with and be more willing to Elsa Peretti Sevillana lariat the resource developer role more often than case managers from more populated areas. Case managers in the more rural areas of the state tended to pursue help from the "informal networks" in rural communities and expressed more comfort, for example, with "banging on church doors" and learning the informal relationships in the community.